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Italiano Glossary of Medical Terms
Definitions of key terms in orthopedics, spinal neurosurgery, and regenerative medicine. Each term includes a link to a detailed page.
A
Adipose Tissue (Fat)
Fat tissue — source of mesenchymal stem cells for Lipogems®. Contains 500x more MSCs per volume than bone marrow.
Learn more >Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels. Key regeneration process — without blood supply, tissue cannot heal. CGF stimulates angiogenesis via VEGF.
Learn more >Arthrodesis
Surgical joint fusion (immobilization). Used for severe SI joint or ankle OA. MIBRAR® is an alternative to arthrodesis.
Learn more >Arthroscopy
Minimally invasive surgery through 5mm incisions with a camera. For degenerative conditions, often no more effective than placebo (NEJM 2013).
Learn more >Arthrosis (Osteoarthritis)
A degenerative joint disease in which the articular cartilage breaks down. Manifests with pain, stiffness, and limited mobility.
Learn more >Autologous
From the same patient. All MIBRAR® preparations are autologous — rejection and allergy risk eliminated.
Learn more >Avascular Necrosis
Death of bone tissue due to disrupted blood supply. Most commonly affects the femoral head.
Learn more >B
BMAC (Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate)
Bone marrow aspirate concentrate containing mesenchymal stem cells. Harvested from the iliac crest under local anesthesia.
Learn more >BMAC (Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate)
Concentrated bone marrow aspirate containing 2-5 million MSCs + hematopoietic cells + BMP. Harvested from the iliac crest.
Learn more >BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein)
Growth factor that stimulates new bone formation. Found in BMAC and CGF.
Learn more >Bone Marrow Edema (BME)
Bone marrow swelling visible on MRI (STIR sequence). Precursor of avascular necrosis. Treated with BMAC + CGF injection.
Learn more >Bursitis
Inflammation of the synovial bursa — a fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between joint tissues.
Learn more >C
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. Manifests with finger numbness, tingling, and grip weakness.
Learn more >Cartilage (Hyaline)
Smooth tissue covering joint surfaces. 2-4mm thick. No blood vessels or nerves. Cannot self-regenerate — needs MSC stimulation.
Learn more >CGF (Concentrated Growth Factors)
An autologous concentrate of growth factors obtained from the patient's venous blood. Contains platelets, cytokines, and CD34+ stem cells. The core component of the MIBRAR® method.
Learn more >Chondrogenesis
Formation of new cartilage tissue. Goal of regenerative therapy in OA. Lipogems® MSCs differentiate into chondrocytes.
Learn more >Chondromalacia
Softening and destruction of articular cartilage. Classified into 4 grades — from superficial softening to full-thickness defect.
Learn more >Collagen
Main structural protein of connective tissue. Type II — cartilage, Type I — tendons and bones. CGF stimulates collagen synthesis.
Learn more >Core Decompression
Surgical procedure for AVN — drilling a channel into the necrotic zone to relieve pressure. MIBRAR® supplements it with stem cell injection.
Learn more >Cortisone (Glucocorticosteroid)
Powerful anti-inflammatory drug. Effect lasts 2-6 weeks. Repeated injections destroy cartilage (JAMA 2017). Max 3 injections per joint.
Learn more >Coxarthrosis
Arthrosis of the hip joint. One of the most common indications for joint replacement, which can be replaced by the MIBRAR® method.
Learn more >Cruciate Ligaments (ACL, PCL)
The anterior (ACL) and posterior (PCL) cruciate ligaments provide stability to the knee joint. ACL tear is a common sports injury.
Learn more >D
Degenerative
Related to wear and aging of tissues (not traumatic). Degenerative diseases: osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis, disc degeneration.
Learn more >Disc Degeneration
Loss of height and hydration of intervertebral disc. Pfirrmann classification I-V. Stages II-III — indication for MIBRAR® intradiscal therapy.
Learn more >Disc Protrusion
The initial stage of herniation — disc bulging without rupture of the annulus fibrosus.
Learn more >Dupuytren's Contracture
Fibrous thickening of the palmar aponeurosis leading to flexion contracture of the fingers.
Learn more >E
Endoprosthesis (Artificial Joint)
Implant replacing a destroyed joint. Lifespan 15-20 years. MIBRAR® is an alternative for grade 2-3 OA to preserve your own joint.
Learn more >Epidural Injection
Injection into the epidural space of the spinal canal. MIBRAR® uses CGF instead of cortisone for regenerative effect.
Learn more >Extrusion (Disc Herniation)
Protrusion of the nucleus pulposus beyond the annulus fibrosus with its rupture. A more advanced stage than protrusion.
Learn more >F
Facet Syndrome
Pain syndrome caused by arthrosis of the facet (zygapophyseal) joints. A common cause of chronic back pain.
Learn more >Fascia
Connective tissue sheath covering muscles and organs. Fascial inflammation is a source of chronic pain. CGF restores fascia structure.
Learn more >FBSS (Failed Back Surgery Syndrome)
Chronic pain after spinal surgery. Occurs in 10-40% of operated patients. MIBRAR® helps in 65-75% of cases.
Learn more >Fibrin
Blood clotting protein forming a mesh scaffold. In CGF, it creates a 3D matrix holding growth factors at the injection site for 7-14 days.
Learn more >Frozen Shoulder (Adhesive Capsulitis)
Inflammation and thickening of the shoulder joint capsule, leading to severe restriction of movement and pain.
Learn more >G
Gonarthrosis
Arthrosis of the knee joint. Affects up to 30% of people over 60. Manifests with pain during walking, crepitus, and knee swelling.
Learn more >Growth Factors
Signal proteins stimulating cell division and differentiation. PDGF, TGF-?, VEGF, BMP, FGF — key factors in CGF and BMAC.
Learn more >H
Hallux Valgus (Bunion)
Deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with lateral deviation of the big toe.
Learn more >Heel Spur
A bony growth on the calcaneus. Pain is caused not by the spur itself but by inflammation of the plantar fascia (plantar fasciitis).
Learn more >Herniated Disc
Protrusion or prolapse of the nucleus pulposus compressing nerve roots. Causes pain, numbness, and weakness in extremities.
Learn more >Hyaluronic Acid
Component of synovial fluid providing joint lubrication. HA injections are temporary (6-12 months). MIBRAR® stimulates your own HA production.
Learn more >I
Immunomodulation
Regulation (not suppression) of immune response. Lipogems® MSCs modulate inflammation — suppress pathological without weakening protective.
Learn more >Impingement Syndrome
Pinching of soft tissues (tendons, bursa) between bony structures during movement. Most commonly affects the shoulder and hip.
Learn more >Intradiscal
Inside the intervertebral disc. MIBRAR® intradiscal injection delivers CGF+Lipogems® directly into the damaged disc under CT guidance.
Learn more >L
Labrum (Joint Lip)
Fibrocartilage ring at the edge of the joint socket (hip, shoulder). Labral tears are an indication for MIBRAR® instead of arthroscopic repair.
Learn more >Lipogems®
Technology for obtaining mesenchymal stem cells from the patient's subcutaneous fat tissue. Fat tissue contains 1000 times more stem cells than bone marrow.
Learn more >Lipogems®
Italian system for mechanical processing of adipose tissue without enzymes. Preserves MSC niche (15-20 million per procedure). Fully legal in the EU (not ATMP).
Learn more >M
Meniscus
A cartilage «cushion» in the knee joint (medial and lateral). Absorbs load and stabilizes the joint. Meniscus tears are one of the most common knee injuries.
Learn more >Meniscus
C-shaped cartilage in the knee (medial and lateral). Shock absorber and stabilizer. Partially regenerates with MIBRAR® for red zone tears.
Learn more >MIBRAR® (Micro-Invasive Biological Regenerative Autologous Reconstruction)
A regenerative treatment method for spine and joints developed by Prof. Dr. med. Arsen Babayan. Uses the patient's own cells (CGF + Lipogems®) to restore damaged tissues through 0.3–1.5 mm micro-punctures.
Learn more >Micro-Invasive
Procedure through puncture (no incision). All MIBRAR® methods are micro-invasive — 1-3mm puncture, no sutures, no general anesthesia.
Learn more >MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Gold standard for soft tissue visualization (cartilage, discs, ligaments, menisci). Radiation-free. Required for MIBRAR® planning.
Learn more >MSC (Mesenchymal Stem Cells)
Precursor cells that can differentiate into cartilage, bone, fat, muscle. Sources: adipose tissue, bone marrow, umbilical cord.
Learn more >N
Neovascularization
Formation of new vessels in the damaged zone. Critically important for AVN. VEGF from CGF triggers capillary growth.
Learn more >O
Orthobiologics
Branch of orthopedics using biological preparations (PRP, CGF, BMAC, Lipogems) for musculoskeletal treatment. MIBRAR® is a European orthobiologics leader.
Learn more >Osteochondrosis
Degenerative-dystrophic disease of intervertebral discs with subsequent involvement of vertebral bodies, ligaments, and joints.
Learn more >Osteogenesis
Formation of new bone tissue. Important for AVN and fractures. BMAC contains osteogenic progenitor cells.
Learn more >P
Pfirrmann Classification
MRI disc degeneration scale (grades I-V). I — normal disc, V — complete destruction. MIBRAR® effective at grades II-III.
Learn more >Platelet
Blood cell containing over 800 bioactive molecules (growth factors, cytokines). The basis of PRP therapy.
Learn more >Prolotherapy
Injection of irritant solution (dextrose) into ligaments to stimulate healing. Precursor to modern regenerative therapy. MIBRAR® uses CGF instead.
Learn more >Proteoglycan
Cartilage molecule retaining water (provides elasticity). In OA, proteoglycan levels decrease — cartilage dries and cracks.
Learn more >PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma)
Platelet-rich plasma obtained from the patient's blood by centrifugation. Contains growth factors but in lower concentration than CGF.
Learn more >PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma)
Platelet-rich plasma obtained by centrifuging 15-30ml of blood. Basic regenerative medicine method. No stem cells.
Learn more >R
Radiculopathy
Nerve root damage (usually from disc herniation). Causes pain, numbness, weakness in the limb along the nerve path.
Learn more >Regeneration
Restoration of damaged tissue to original state (not scarring). MIBRAR® goal — true regeneration of cartilage, discs, ligaments.
Learn more >Rotator Cuff
A group of 4 muscles and tendons stabilizing the shoulder joint. Rotator cuff tear is a common cause of shoulder pain.
Learn more >Rotator Cuff
Group of 4 muscles and tendons stabilizing the shoulder joint. Partial tears (Grade I-II) treated with MIBRAR® without surgery.
Learn more >S
Sacroiliac Joint (SI)
Paired joint between sacrum and pelvis. Source of 15-25% of chronic lower back pain. MIBRAR® regenerates the SI joint ligament apparatus.
Learn more >Scaffold
Three-dimensional structure for cell growth. In CGF — fibrin matrix serves as scaffold. In Lipogems® — preserved adipose stroma.
Learn more >Sciatica
Pain along the sciatic nerve (buttock > posterior thigh > calf > foot). Causes: disc herniation, stenosis, piriformis syndrome.
Learn more >Sciatica (Radiculopathy)
Pain along the sciatic nerve — from the lower back through the buttock to the leg. Usually caused by a disc herniation or stenosis.
Learn more >Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal compressing the spinal cord or nerve roots. Causes pain, weakness, and neurogenic claudication.
Learn more >Spinal Stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal causing leg pain while walking (neurogenic claudication). MIBRAR® reduces inflammation and edema in the stenosis zone.
Learn more >Spondylolisthesis
Slippage of a vertebra relative to the one below. May cause compression of neural structures and spinal instability.
Learn more >Stroma
Supportive tissue structure (collagen and cell framework). In Lipogems®, adipose stroma is preserved — the natural niche for stem cells.
Learn more >Subchondral
Located beneath cartilage. Subchondral edema — early sign of necrosis. Subchondral fracture — stage 3 AVN.
Learn more >SVF (Stromal Vascular Fraction)
A mixture of stem cells, endothelial cells, and growth factors obtained from adipose tissue by enzymatic method.
Learn more >SVF (Stromal Vascular Fraction)
Cell concentrate from adipose tissue obtained enzymatically (collagenase). In the EU requires ATMP licensing.
Learn more >Synovial Fluid
Fluid inside the joint providing lubrication and cartilage nutrition. MIBRAR® restores synovial fluid composition in OA.
Learn more >Synovitis
Inflammation of the synovial membrane with excessive fluid formation (effusion). A sign of arthrosis, injury, or autoimmune process.
Learn more >T
Tendinopathy
Chronic tendon damage (degeneration, not inflammation). CGF stimulates Type I collagen synthesis for tendon repair.
Learn more >Trigger Point
Painful muscle knot causing referred pain. Multiple trigger points in fibromyalgia. CGF injection resolves spasm and inflammation.
Learn more >Tumescent Anesthesia
Local anesthesia method: infiltrating large volume of diluted anesthetic. Used for fat harvesting in Lipogems®. Safer than general anesthesia.
Learn more >U
Ultrasound-Guided
Needle insertion under real-time ultrasound control. Ensures precise targeting of joint, tendon, or nerve without radiation.
Learn more >V
VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)
Key stimulator of angiogenesis. Found in CGF. Critically important for AVN treatment.
Learn more >Viscosupplementation
Hyaluronic acid injection into joint to restore lubrication. Temporary effect (6-12 months). MIBRAR® is a long-term alternative.
Learn more >W
White Zone (Meniscus)
Inner meniscus portion without blood supply. White zone tears don't self-heal. MIBRAR® can stimulate regeneration in 60-70% of cases.
Learn more >